Reforms Movement
(सुधार आंदोलन)
(Part 1)
CSE EXAM:
🔆Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833):
➡️Father of Indian Renaissance.
➡️Maker of Modern India.
➡️Believed in scientific temper, human dignity, monotheism, and Upanishads.
➡️Opposed idolatry and meaningless rituals.
➡️Books: Gift to Monotheism (1809) + Percepts of Jesus (1820).
➡️Translated Vedas and Upanishads into Bengali.
➡️Atmiya Sabha (Society of Friends) in Calcutta in 1814.
➡️ Started Brahmo Samaj (1828) [ formerly called as Brahmo Sabha]
➡️Established Vedanta College (1825).
➡️Supported the revolutions of Naples and Spanish America.
➡️Supported David Hare in establishing Hindu College (1817).
➡️Crusader against Sati.
➡️Efforts resulted in Government Regulation against Sati in 1829.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#REFORM_MOVEMENTS
#prelims
#mains
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Debendranath Tagore (1817-1905)
➡️Headed Tattavabodhini Sabha, formed in 1839, and its organ Tattavabodhini Patrika.
➡️Joined Brahmo Samaj in 1842.
➡️Favored Widow remarriage, Women education, abolition of Polygamy.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
#mains
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🔆Keshab Chandra Sen (1838-1884)
➡️Appointed as Acharya of the Brahmo Samaj in 1858.
➡️Spread the ideas of the Samaj outside Bengal (in United Provinces, Bombay, Punjab, etc.).
➡️Showed radical views against caste system, favored inter-caste marriage.
➡️Expelled from Acharya’s position in 1865.
➡️Founded Brahmo Samaj of India (1866).
➡️Sadharan Brahmo Samaj (Ananda Mohan Bose, Shibchandra Deb and Umesh Chandra Datta) founded in opposition to his views.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
#mains
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🔆Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-1891)
➡️Man of high moral standards, humanist, and proponent of modern education.
➡️Appointed Principal of Sanskrit college in 1850 in Bengal.
➡️Opened Sanskrit College to non-Brahmins.
➡️Ardent supporter of Widow remarriage. Helped legalized it.
➡️One of the pioneers of higher education for women.
✅Appointed as the secretary of Bethune College (est. 1849).
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
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🔆Balshastri Jambedkar (1812-1846)
➡️Pioneer of social reform through Journalism in Bombay.
➡️Against Brahminical domination.
➡️Father of Marathi Journalism.
➡️Newspaper: Darpan (1832), Digdarshan (1840).
➡️Founded Bombay Native General Library.
➡️Started the Native Improvement Society.
➡️First professor of Hindi at the Elphinston College.
➡️Director of the Colaba Observatory.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
#mains
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🔆Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lokahitwadi’ (1823-1892):
➡️Belonged to Maharashtra.
➡️Against Hindu orthodoxy and caste system.
➡️Believed in rational, modern, and secular principles.
➡️Wrote for weekly Prabhakar under the pen name ‘Lokahitwadi’.
➡️Started weekly Hitechu.
➡️Helped in founding periodicals like Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash, Lokahitwadi.
#revision_notes
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#Modern_History
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🔆Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915)
➡️A liberal leader of the Indian National Congress.
➡️Formed Servants of India society (1905) with the help of M. G. Ranade.
➡️Aimed at mobilizing a cadre of selfless workers for the service of the country in a religious spirit.
➡️Published Hitavadi (1911).
#revision_notes
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#Modern_History
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🔆Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890):
➡️Born to Mali(gardener) community in Maharashtra.
➡️Fought against upper caste and Brahmanical domination, caste system, and socio-economic inequalities.
➡️Founded the Satyasodhak Samaj in 1873 to promote social service and education among the lower caste and women.
➡️Books:
↔️Sarvajanik Satyadharma
↔️Gulamgiri
➡️Fought for the cause of widow remarriage and opened a home for widows in 1854.
➡️Given the title of Mahatma for his social service work.
#revision_notes
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#Modern_History
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🔆Gopal Ganesh Agarkar (1856-1895)
➡️Belonged to Maharashtra.
➡️Favored human reason and discarded the false glorification of the past.
➡️Co-founder of the New English School, the Deccan Education Society, and the Fergusson College.
➡️First editor of Kesari (Marathi newspaper started by Lokmanya Tilak).
➡️Periodical: Sudharak.
#revision_notes
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#Modern_History
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🔆Swami Vivekananda (1862-1902)
➡️Also known by the name Narendra Dutta.
➡️Preached Neo-Hinduism and believed in Vedanta, considering it to be the most rational system of knowledge.
➡️ Inspired by the lives of Ramkrishna, Buddha, Jesus and the teachings of the Gita and Upanishads.
➡️He was against the religious domination by the Hindus.
➡️ Participated at the Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893 where he emphasized on the balance between materialism and spiritualism.
➡️Founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 for promoting social service and humanitarian relief works.
➡️He advocated the doctrine of service to all living beings. According to him, the service to mankind is the service to God.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
#mains
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